Theory of electromyography

Theory of electromyography Theory of Electromyography Electromyography is a discipline that deals with the detection, analysis and use of electrical signal that emanates from skeletal muscles. The electromyography is studied for various reasons in the medical field. Even a superficial acquaintance with scientific literature will uncover various current applications in fields such as neuro physiology, kinesiology, motor control, psychology, rehabilitation, medicine and biomedical engineering. The EMG signal is the electrical manifestation of the neuromuscular activation associated with the contracting muscles. The signal represents the current generated by the ionic flow across the membrane of the muscle fibers which propagates through the intervening tissues to reach the detection surface of the electrode located in the environment. It is an exceedingly complicated signal which is affected by anatomical and physiological properties of muscles and the control scheme of the nervous system, as well as characteristics of the instrumentation used to detect and observe it. Most of the relationships between the EMG signal and the properties of contracting muscles that are currently in use have evolved serendipitously. The lack of proper description of the EMG signal is probably the greatest single factor that has hampered the development of electromyography in to a precise discipline. APPLICATIONS: To test the nerve and muscle activity To determine nerve conduction velocity to test nerve damage/compression To obtain firing characteristics of nerves. Analysis of motor unit action potentials To analyze the extent of nerve damage, muscular damage It is useful for gym trainees and sport persons to evaluate growth and development of specific muscles. It is useful for energy/fatigue analysis of industrial workers for time-motion-rest cycle evaluation for an efficient working environment. Usually passenger pilots are checked for their EMG levels before they take up a flight in order to ensure fatigue level of the pilot is at safe level. MUSCLES: About 40% of the human body is skeletal muscles and another 10% is smooth muscles of internal organs and cardiac muscles from the heart. Here we are interested in characterizing the function of skeletal muscles. The primary function of skeletal muscles is to generate force. Because of this, they are excitable. Thus skeletal muscles have 2 fundamental properties. They are excitable(able to respond to stimulus) and contractible(able to produce tension).A skeletal muscle consists of numerous fibers with diameters ranging from 10 to 80 Â µm. Each muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of myofibrils .Each myofibril has about 1500 myosin filaments and 3000 actins filaments lying side by side. Cell Potential: The nervous system is comprised of neuron cells. Neurons are the conducting elements of the nervous system and are responsible for transferring information across the body. Only these and muscle cells are able to generate potentials and therefore are called excitable cells. Neurons contain special ion channels that allow the cell to change its membrane potential in response to the stimuli the cell receives. Receiving Potential: All cells in the body have a cell membrane surrounding them. Across this membrane there is an electric charge referred to as the resting potential. This electric impulse is generated by differential ion permeability of the membrane. In the cells, potassium (k+) channels allow diffusion of k+ ions out of the cell while Sodium(Na+) ions diffuse in to the cell. This Na+-K+ pump, which requires ATP to operate, pumps two K+ ions in to the interior of the cell for every 3 Na+ ions pumped out. K+ and Na+ ions are continuously diffusing across the membrane from where they were just pumped, but at a slower rate. Since there are more K+ ions inside the cell than outside, a potential exists. Action Potential: Some cells, such as skin cells are not excitable. Other cells such as nerve and muscle cells are excitable. When a simulating electric field acts on an excitable cell, the Na+ permeability increases, Na+ enters the cell interior and the entering positive charge depolarizes(reduces to approximately zero),the transmembrane potential. Later the K+ permeability increases and K+ ions flow out to counter this effect. The Na+ gates close followed by the K+ gates. Finally, the resting potential is regenerated. The action potential lasts about 1ms in nerves and about 100 ms in cardiac muscle. It propagates in nerves at about 60 m/s and carries sensations from the periphery toward the brain via sensory nerves. Through motor nerves, the brain commands muscles to contract. We can calculate the action potential propagation velocity v=d/t where Figure shown here represents the role of voltage-gated ion channels in the action potential. The circled numbers on the action potential correspond to the 4 diagrams of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in a neurons plasma membrane. Motor Unit: The most fundamental unit of a muscle is called the Motor Unit. It consists of an alpha-motoneuron and all the muscle fibers that are enervated by the motoneurons branches. The electrical signal that emanates from the activation of muscle fibers of a motor unit that are in the detectable vicinity of an electrode is called MOTOR UNIT ACTION POTENTIAL (MUAP).This constitutes the fundamental unit of the EMG signal. A Schematic representation of the genesis of a MUAP is presented above. There are many factors that influence the shape of MUAP. Some of these are The relative geometrical relationship of the detection surface of the electrode and the muscle fiber of the motor unit in its vicinity. The relative position of the detection surfaces to the innervated zone, which is the region where the nerve branches contact the muscle fibers. The size of muscle fibers, because amplitude of individual action potential is proportional to the diameter of the fiber, and The number of muscle fibers of an individual motor unit in the detectable vicinity of the electrode. The last two factors have particular importance in clinical applications. Considerable work has been performed to identify morphological modifications in the MUAP shape resulting from modifications in the morphology of the muscle fibers or the motor unit such as regeneration of motoneurons. Although usage of MUAP shape analysis is common practice among neurologists, interpretation of the result is not always straight forward and relies heavily on the experience and disposition of the observer. To sustain muscle contraction, the motor unit must be activated repeatedly. The resulting sequence of MUAPs is called Motor Unit Action Potential Train(MUAPT).So, EMG signal can be synthesized by linearly summing the MUAPTs as they exist when they are detected by the electrode where mathematically generated MUAPTs are added to yield the signal at the bottom. MUSCLE CONTRACTION: As an action potential travels along a motor nerve to muscle fibers, it initiates an action potential along the muscle fiber membrane, which depolarizes the muscle fiber membrane and travels with in the muscle fiber. The Subsequent electro-chemical reaction with in the muscle fiber then initiates attractive forces between the actin and myosin filaments and causes them to slide together. This mechanism produces muscle contraction. Tension is developed in the muscle as it contracts. There are 3 types of contraction Isometric Concentric Eccentric Isometric or Static Contraction means a muscle contracts without change in its length. Concentric Contraction occurs when a load is less than the isometric force produced by the muscle and the load shortens the muscle. Eccentric Contraction occurs when the load is greater than the isometric force and elongates the contracting muscle.

Illustrate the Fundamentals of Islamic Banking Essay

Introduction: This report seeks to give an analysis of Islamic Banking and an organisational comparison to a corporate Global banking system/western one whilst identifying key issues and challenges that may arise for the use of such Islamic banking in the United Kingdom. â€Å"Islamic banking is a growing sector with its diversity in different segments and spectrum. It Caters to religious Muslims in Muslim’s societies as well as in countries where Muslims are in a minority. In addition, it is a broad standard: non-Muslim individuals and communities that seek ethical financial solutions have also been attracted to Islamic banking. It is clear from banking practice that Islamic banking is equally popular in all communities†. (www.islamic-bank.com). The first Islamic bank was set up in the late 1960’s in Egypt to fulfil the needs of Muslims who wanted to bank but still live by Sharia law. An Islamic bank is not a religious institution but caters for the needs of the Muslim and is also appealing to non-Muslims who perceive Islamic banking as an alternative to commercial banking successful Islamic banks such as the Dubai Islamic Bank also known as (DIB) who opened in 1975 have set out a good public image for such choice of banking. Over recent years especially in the last decade Islamic banking has seen a rise in popularity and global development in western countries. Upon focusing on the UK The Islamic bank of Britain is United Kingdom’s mainly recognised sh’aria compliant organisation, Usmani, (2005) defines sha’ria compliance as ‘An act or activity that complies with the requirements of sha’riah Islamic law’. Islamic banking As already stated Islamic banking is based on Islamic Sha’riah Law which sets out the principles of all banking activities for such Islamic banks this means all banking activity must be sha’riah compliant, a significant characteristic of this means interest is prohibited not only is this mentioned in the holy Quran as having bad affects on society but the main concept of Islamic banking is set upon the foundations of profit-sharing instead of being ‘interest based’ which is referred to as (Riba in Islam) which is highly known in conventional western banks in the UK such as NatWest, Lloyds tsb, HSBC etc. In a western bank system money will be lent/loaned to a customer with no real interest shown or involved in the outcome or business of the customer obviously some risk assessment would be considered but not to the extent of which risk would be shared, Ridzwa, (2004) states the difference within Islamic banking is that â€Å"cash/loans will not be given to the customer, first of all they purchase the commodity and transfer to client then all profit and loss will be distributed between parties according to agreed terms and conditions†. As Islamic banking is based strictly on Islamic ethics and Quran practices Bown, (2005) states this also means loans/investing in projects or businesses that have ‘haram’ significance which means forbidden activity in the holy Quran will not be invested upon for instance places that plan on serving alcohol or promote gambling and sexual influences like nightclubs will not be agreed to investments. Upon analysing the financial side of Islamic banking the clear principle it is financially based on for its trading activity is ‘the risk/gain is shared upon the provider of the loan (bank) and the expertise of business idea (customer)’ IBB, (2010) by this both parties have a mutual agreement for the bank the money they are providing is being lent with a risk but also an agreement with the customer to share of any profits. The commercial law side of Islamic banking is actually based on four basic principles (Bellalah and Ellouz, 2004) claim â€Å"the fundamental of first Islamic business principle is profit and loss sharing and the second is based on fixed service fees and charges and third is based on free of cost and no charges. T e other principles are changing with the situation of the business and its operation.† Methods of Islamic banking Islamic banking has many different methods and Islamic approaches to what a conventional/western bank would give out a mortgage/loan. Dar and Presley, (2000) state that the key banking methods Islamic banks use are Ijara, Mudarabah, Murabahah and Musharakah. Ijara: Is a form of rental contracts mainly for goods/property mortgaging it involves the sale and the transfer of assets title to the customer lending at the end of Ijara. In a banking scenario the Islamic bank would buy a property lease it to a customer for a fixed price till the agreed price has been met through lease/ijara then the customer will become owner of such asset’s a rent contract by which the owner of the good rents it to another party can also be part of this. According to the (IBB) Nowadays the Home Finance and Islamic mortgage are based on the concept of Ijara and it is very successful tool in Islamic financial system and popular amongst non Muslims too who are ever increasingly using this type of finance. Mudarabah: khan, (1993) states this form of finance is mainly known as profit sharing and involves a type of partnership agreement between two sides in this scenario the bank and the person lending the money (customer) the bank will provide the funds and the customer will provide the business venture and idea however all profits will be shared amongst both parties with an agreed fee. It can also be said some characteristics of western banking are still slightly involved with this type of financing as the entrepreneur must guarantee full refund in case of contract breaching and negligence. Murabahah: This type of banking is referred to as cost plus/mark-up sale this involves a sale of which he buyer (customer) offers to purchase a commodity at a price equal to its cost to the seller plus an agreed profit margin. â€Å"It is a trust or a transparent sale in which the cost of acquiring the goods by the seller must be disclosed. The cost to the seller includes the price he had paid plus all other expenses. Payment of price can be made against the delivery of the goods sold or deferred as lump-sum or instalments† Islamic bank of Britain, (2010). Murabahah usually starts with the buyer signing a promise to purchase. The seller then acquires the goods and takes their possession. Finally, the buyer signs the Murabahah sale contract and receives the good in return for payment or an obligation to pay later. It is one of the most popular modes used in Islamic banking system in different countries to promote interest-free transactions. Musharakah: this method of banking is mainly for mortgages similar to the ijara method with slight differentiations both have forms of agreements from both parties but difference in this method rather than rent instalments covering the cost to have full ownership of a property or goods instalment payments will be for shares of the product/property which once fully covered will fulfil full ownership to the customer giving them 100% ownership. Comparison of Islamic banking to western/conventional banking It can be said that Islamic and conventional/western banking Islamic and traditional banking actually are not different in what they supply but to how they supply such services Shahin, Z, (2004). Islamic banking has the same features as western/conventional banking and provides the same services as conventional banking for example current accounts, saving accounts, insurances, mortgages and investment opportunities in the society. Upon comparing Islamic banking and conventional/western banking for example like the Islamic bank of Britain compared to Barclays bank there some evident differences not only is the main one being that of the sha’riah law principles that are followed by the Islamic banks which therefore means business approaches in forms of investments, responsibility and product features will all be based upon the Islamic faith and must stay within the limits of Islamic Law or the Sha’riah. However other key significant differences in the two types of banking are factors such as interest, taxation, risk/profit sharing and the restriction of investments. Comparison towards the use of interest within Islamic banks and western/conventional banks: Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the main fundamental function for a western/conventional bank it is a main source of profit making for major high street banks in the United Kingdom almost sometimes criticised for their high rates of such interest. However this is in contrast to Islamic banking where interest is forbidden and deemed as Riba’ but a more partnership approach is given to the customer and agreed payments with profit sharing agreements set upon the provider and lender. When comparing the two methods the main difference here is that western/conventional banks follow the principle that interest is the price of credit, therefore reflecting the opportunity cost of loaning the money. Whereas in Islamic banking the creditor (bank) should not take advantage of the person lending the money as this in Islam is perceived as injustice where the first Islamic principle underlying for such kind of transactions is â€Å"deal not unjustly, and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly† [2:279], Holy Quran. Comparison of taxation and additional charges for Islamic banks and western/conventional banks: In the United Kingdom all organisations/businesses must pay tax commodities including Islamic banks and non Islamic banks however in Islamic banking such additional charges are approached with caution and compliance to sharia law and have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters. Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity which is known as ‘zakat’ claims often enough is welcomed by the Muslim population of customers as it is the Islamic term of charity. When comparing this type of additional zakat charge many western/conventional banks state this as normal VAT and APR charges which vary in price and cost from bank to bank it can be said for Islamic banking this type of charge still exists but named and dealt with differently in the form of zakat. Comparison of Risk sharing in Islamic banking and money loaning in a western/conventional bank: Islamic banking involves risk and profit sharing with the person lending the banks somewhat ‘forming a partnership feel with the customer’ Bhatti, I.M, (2008) which means Islamic banks are more involved with customer projects and pay greater attention in developing and appraising certain enterprises/projects where in comparison to western banks like Lloyds tsb where in a case study on Islamic and high street banks some customers who transferred from their branch over to Islamic bank of Britain branch stated â€Å"they felt the bank was only interested as seeing the customer as a debtor and themselves as the creditors†. When comparing the Western banks method of loaning/lending money such banks will often enough place a fixed rate of interest as part of the charge and will not really be as closely involved in the participation of the business venture as Islamic banks wou ld be due to the risk/profit sharing factor. Comparison on the restriction of investments for Islamic banking and western/conventional banking: as stated many of times throughout this report Islamic banking is strictly sha’riah compliant meaning all activities are in conjunction with Islam and the teachings of the Quran and the prophet Mohammed PBUH therefore all business investments/ventures must be deemed as ‘pure’ and accepted in the eyes of Islam for an Islamic bank to invest in Dixon, R. (1992) therefore any business proposals that are brought forward to an Islamic bank that consists of serving alcohol, promoting gambling and sexually influence will be strictly turned down. Where as in comparison to a western conventional bank plans will be accepted on the basis of good credit, business venture and the ability to pay back such fees. Challenges that Islamic banking may face within the United Kingdom: Islamic banking is becoming ever more popular in the United Kingdom with many non-Muslims also interested and joining the Islamic bank of Britain as customers but upon research and case study readings many people in Britain feel they don’t fully understand the concept of Islamic banking and that it should be made more user friendly for society. There is need to make a clear and transparent system of general as Islamic banking is in a transition development stage a key issue in Britain according to Khalaf (2007) Islamic banking industries have a barrier to overcome with the whole sha’riah law compliance being appealing to non-Muslims as many non Muslims can perceive this as influencing a ‘different law for a different country with a different religious view point’. Also opinions of Islamic scholars, suppose a product or practice may be accepted to one scholar, could be considered un-Islamic by another scholar. Malaysia has established a standard sha’riah board which is supported by government which in the united kingdom is not applicable and that the banks set these out themselves according to basic sha’riah compliance. (Khalaf, 2007) claims it is evident in Britain that Islamic banking faces many challenges with society and keeping up with such growth of western conventional banks due to its new growth in the UK market however with strong middle eastern financial backers such as Qatari national bank the Islamic bank of Britain is financially stable in this sense and that it is gaining more recognition amongst the Muslim popularity of Britain with many Muslim customers holding accounts with them but it can be stated a key challenge is the ‘Different beliefs in society make that some Islamic banking activity acceptable to one part of community and to others it is not’ . Conclusion Islamic banking in Britain now has great opportunity for growth as it offer certain benefits that conventional western banks do not put in place many Muslims feel this type of banking is relevant for their practice of religion whilst some may argue that costs such as interest also known as ‘Riba’ are still put in place just named and charged differently and then opt to carry on using such ‘western banks’ however it can be said great ethical value is taken into consideration in contrast to western banks and vulnerability and risk of business venture is shared and discussed which if western banks applied could see a great rise in popularity and custom however in the united kingdom the regulatory authority and structure of Islamic sha’ria practice can sometimes have setbacks for such Islamic banking activity as society may not accept this. Overall Islamic banking has great opportunity to grow because many numbers of muslims are residing in the united kingdom and there is a steady growth for such market, however it can be said if such rise of awareness and identity was put in place to market Islamic banking this could possibly promote it further and on the scale of such western banks. References: Bellalah, M. and Ellouz, S. (2004) Islamic Finance, Interest Rates and Islamic Banking Bokhari, F. (2007) Lloyds TSB spots growing appetite. Financial Times Bown, J. (2005) Islamic banking set to boom. Sunday Times Belder, R.T. and Khan, M.H. (1993) the changing faces of Islamic banking. International Financial Law Review Chris, Cook. (2006) is Islamic banking religiously sound? Financial Times Dixon, R. (1992) Islamic banking. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, Hassan, M.K. (1999). Islamic banking in theory and practice: Haron, Sudin (1995) The Framework and concept of Islamic interest-free banking

As Fashion Merchandiser

How to Draw Strategy from a Comparison Shopping Report Milliard's Mini-Case As an FM student you have already done lots of shopping reports. This exercise is intended to show you how to use this information as an analytical tool. Comparative shopping Is done In the Industry constantly. But the point of the task Is to Identify strengths and weaknesses of your stores merchandise mix In comparison to the competitors'. Are you offering the customer something unique in one segment of your business, but not in others? Are you Just a poor second in comparison too throng competitor?Are you under- or over-developed in certain classifications? Are your prices in line with the rest of your store? In relation to your competition? Are there business opportunities that no one has addressed yet (market voids)? In this exercise, you are the buyer for Milliard's Department Stores Men's Sport Shirt Department. Your boss has asked you to do a comparison shopping analysis in order to determine ways to a djust your assortments to improve sales and profits. Milliard's Is a mostly moderate department store with some business done at better price points as well.Women's, Men's, and Kids' are all carried, along with all the usual Home Store categories. Within Women's, both Misses and ‘Women's† (Plus size) are carried. The store is predominantly branded, but there is some private label merchandise carried within the departments. For 201 3 Private label has not been as profitable as Branded merchandise and the buyer of Men's sport shirts is seeing a trend toward â€Å"labels† Note: This Is a self-contained case study. â€Å"Mallards† Is a fictitious store. Therefore, you must Limit yourself to Information In this write-up only. Work on the skill of writing with specificity.Don't answer competitor-by- competitor; give one assessment that takes all competitors into consideration) b. Why are these segments at a competitive advantage? C. Which components are not at a competitive advantage? D. Why not? Third Step After finishing your study, you read in the paper that Thomas & Blake is going out of business! Even though they continued to have decent revenues, their debt load finally did them in. They could no longer afford to keep the stores open. 3. A. Does this change provide an â€Å"environmental opportunity' for you? . Does the issue of branded vs.. Private label enter into this consideration? Why or why not? C. How might you adjust the assortments in your department to â€Å"pounce† on the misfortunes at Thomas & Blake? Be very specific. A. Yes, When Thomas & Blake goes out of business, that gives you an opportunity to take over Thomas & Flake's market share with the right merchandising strategy. B. Maybe , because Thomas & Blake is a typical department store that doesn't have over Thomas & Flake's customer. They might want to consider private label. C.Compare to Thomas & Flake's shopping analysis. Milliard's needs make the price ran ge of the better regular classification a bit higher from $80 to $120. Also, the price range of the better big/Tall classification need to be adjusted higher from $50 to $90 in order to meet the need of the customers who used to shop at Thomas & Blake. D. Fourth Step Of course, nothing stands still in the world of retailing. Just as you start to celebrate the loss of a key competitor, another news item hits the local paper: Wall-Mart is coming to town!! Ouch!

Self Definition - 2643 Words

Self-definition Throughout history black women have been stereotyped and put into many different roles in society. Black women, it seems, have become the scapegoat for many issues and problems and have been misrepresented usually by men, mostly by white men. Through the creation of the mammy, the sapphire, the Jezebel, the strong black woman and more, black women have been misrepresented and portrayed in negative ways in society. In a response to this labeling, black women have begun to tell their own stories and speak out for themselves. Through their writings, black women writers have been able to dispel the stereotypes of black women by showing the truth, the true story of the women, told by the woman. Doing this, they have been†¦show more content†¦I m thinking bout telling Bovanne what a lovely dress Nisi got onÂ…instead I just haul the man on out of thereÂ…(Bambara 9). She decides to define herself. Toni Morrison uses situational irony in a different manne r, instead of using the women s thoughts she uses their actions. The expectations of the reader are because of the upbringing and personal connection of Sula and Nel. The reader experiences situational irony in upbringing through Nel and irony in the women s personal connection through Sula. It may seem as if Nel will not become like her mother, leave the town, travel, become chaotic and take chances. For days afterward she imagined other trips she would takeÂ…Leaving Medallion would be her goal(Morrison 29). Nel does none of this and settles into the life of the Bottom and contrary to what the reader expects, she grows up to be almost exactly like her mother. Yet it is not expected that Nel would do this and it is surprising when it happens. Morrison spends great detail explaining the upbringing of both Nel and Sula to show that they are exact opposites, foils of each other and the attraction that each has towards their different lives. Nel, grows up with a strict mother , she is restricted by her mother and is never able to express herself. Her household is quiet and reserved, in a sense, perfect and her mother is involved in the community and works hard to kill the imagination and drive of her daughter. Sula grows upShow MoreRelatedThe Definition Of Self Identity1591 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-identity is what defines a person. Be it physically, emotionally, or psychologically, it is what one decides to put out and show to the world. Psychotherapist Leslie Bell connects self-identity with the concept of splitting. Splitting is, â€Å"...a tendency to think in either/or patterns and to insist that one cannot feel two seemingly contradictory desires at once† (Bell 28). 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